Comparative Analysis of Serum Creatinine and Albuminuria as Biomarkers for Diabetic Nephropathy in Young Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Diabetic nephropathy is a significant complication of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and early detection is crucial for management and treatment. Objective: This study compares serum creatinine and albuminuria as biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy in young patients with T2DM. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2023 to June 2024 at Square Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. 105 Bangladeshi patients aged 18 to 30 years, diagnosed with T2DM, were included. Data collected included demographic information, clinical characteristics, and family history of diabetes. Serum creatinine and albuminuria levels were measured and analyzed. Results: The study population comprised 52.4% males and 47.6% females. Education levels were higher secondary (42.9%), graduate (38.1%), and post-graduate (19.0%). A family history of diabetes was present in 66.7% of patients. Serum creatinine levels were normal in 42.9%, elevated in 33.3%, and high in 23.8% of patients. Albuminuria levels were normal in 47.6%, with 33.3% having microalbuminuria and 19.1% having macroalbuminuria. There was a significant correlation between longer duration of diabetes and elevated serum creatinine (p=0.004) as well as higher albuminuria levels (p=0.002). Elevated and high serum creatinine levels were significantly associated with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria (p=0.008). Conclusion: Both serum creatinine and albuminuria are effective biomarkers for detecting diabetic nephropathy in young patients with T2DM. Elevated and high levels of these biomarkers are strongly associated with a longer duration of diabetes, indicating their potential use in early detection and management of diabetic nephropathy in this population.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
1. Adler AI, Stevens RJ, Manley SE, Bilous RW, Cull CA, Holman RR, Ukpds Group. Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64). Kidney international. 2003 Jan 1;63(1):225-32.
2. Bakris GL, Molitch M. Are All Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Destined for Dialysis if They Live Long Enough? Probably Not. Diabetes Care. 2018 Mar 1;41(3):389-90.
3. Thipsawat S. Early detection of diabetic nephropathy in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review of the literature. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research. 2021 Nov 9;18(6):14791641211058856.
4. Chen Y, Lee K, Ni Z, He JC. Diabetic kidney disease: challenges, advances, and opportunities. Kidney diseases. 2020 Jul 17;6(4):215-25.
5. Gheith O, Othman N, Nampoory N, Halimb MA, Al-Otaibi T. Diabetic kidney disease: difference in the prevalence and risk factors worldwide. Journal of The Egyptian Society of Nephrology and Transplantation. 2016 Jul 1;16(3):65-72.
6. Zachwieja J, Soltysiak J, Fichna P, Lipkowska K, Stankiewicz W, Skowronska B, Kroll P, Lewandowska-Stachowiak M. Normal-range albuminuria does not exclude nephropathy in diabetic children. Pediatric Nephrology. 2010 Aug;25:1445-51.
7. Kramer HJ, Nguyen QD, Curhan G, Hsu CY. Renal insufficiency in the absence of albuminuria and retinopathy among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Jama. 2003 Jun 25;289(24):3273-7.
8. Sabiullah M. Estimation of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and urine analysis in patients with diabetes to assess the renal impairments. Int J Adv Biochem Res. 2019;3(2):01-4.
9. Patel SS, Molnar MZ, Tayek JA, Ix JH, Noori N, Benner D, Heymsfield S, Kopple JD, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Serum creatinine as a marker of muscle mass in chronic kidney disease: results of a cross-sectional study and review of literature. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle. 2013 Mar;4:19-29.
10. Thongprayoon C, Cheungpasitporn W, Kashani K. Serum creatinine level, a surrogate of muscle mass, predicts mortality in critically ill patients. Journal of thoracic disease. 2016 May;8(5):E305.
11. MacIsaac RJ, Tsalamandris C, Panagiotopoulos S, Smith TJ, McNeil KJ, Jerums G. Nonalbuminuric renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care. 2004 Jan 1;27(1):195-200.
12. Hasan, H., Rahman, M. H. ., Haque, M. A., Rahman, M. S. ., Ali, M. S. ., & Sultana, S. . (2024). Nutritional Management in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Focus on Renal Diet. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations, 1(1), 34-40.
13. Chowdhury NR, Moname EJ, Al Azad G, Hani U, Nazmin F, Ferdaus F. Interplay Between Malnutrition and Infectious Diseases Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):41-7.
14. Azad GA, Moname EJ, Chowdhury NR, Mondal S, Tisa AH, Ferdaus F. Co-Morbidity Landscape in Cancer Patients: Non-Communicable Disease Burden and Trends. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):48-54.
15. Nazmin F, Roy A, Bushra T, Retina IJ, Arnab KH, Ferdaus F. Exploring the Prevalence and Social Determinants of ADHD and Comorbidities Among Urban School Aged Children in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):61-74.
16. Wohid F, Eme FW, Fahim IH, Mim M, Ferdaus F. Work Life Balance and Its Influence on Physical and Mental Health Among Female Teachers of Public University in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):68-75.
17. Mondal S, Arnab KH, Retina IJ, Bushra T, Roy A, Tisa AH, Ferdaus F. Mental Health Status and Stress Factors Among Junior Doctors in Public Hospitals in Bangladesh A Cross Sectional Analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):39-43.
18. Bushra T, Mondal S, Nazmin F, Arnab KH, Tisa AH, Roy A, Ferdaus F. Burden of Peptic Ulcer Disease Among Smoking and Non-Smoking Healthcare Providers A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study in Gazipur, Dhaka. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):44-50.
19. Rima US, Islam J, Mim SI, Roy A, Dutta T, Dutta B, Ferdaus FF. Co-Infection of Tuberculosis and Diabetes: Implications for Treatment and Management. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):51-8.
20. Arnab KH, Nazmin F, Mondal S, Tisa AH, Bushra T. Perceptions and Barriers to Breast Cancer Screening Among Women in Slum Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):59-65.
21. Karmakar S, Brinta MT. Assessing the Impact of Chronic Hypertension on Renal Function: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):66-71.
22. Dutta B, Dutta T, Rima US, Islam J, Roy A, Mim SI, Ferdaus F. Burden of Antibiotic-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections in Rural Females: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):72-9.
23. Wohid F, Eme FW, Fahim IH, Mim M, Sultana T, Ferdaus F. Assessment of Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Practices Among Non-Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):80-6.
24. Araki SI, Haneda M, Sugimoto T, Isono M, Isshiki K, Kashiwagi A, Koya D. Factors associated with frequent remission of microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2005 Oct 1;54(10):2983-7.