Clinical Profile and Associated Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in Dialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a growing global health burden, with a significant number of patients progressing to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis. Understanding the clinical profile and associated risk factors among dialysis patients is essential for early intervention and prevention strategies. Objective: To assess the clinical characteristics and identify risk factors associated with chronic kidney disease among dialysis patients in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Chittagong Medical College Hospital from January 1, 2022, to June 30, 2022. A total of 192 dialysis-dependent CKD patients were enrolled. Data on sociodemographic variables, comorbid conditions, dialysis-related parameters, and relevant laboratory findings were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 25. The chi-square test was used to explore associations between clinical variables and dialysis duration, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results: The majority of patients were male (61.5%) and within the age range of 40–59 years (44.3%). Most resided in urban areas (65.6%) and had low education and income levels. Hypertension (77.1%) and diabetes mellitus (52.6%) were the most prevalent comorbidities. Anemia was noted in 69.3% of patients, and 45.3% had a history of urinary tract infections. Hemodialysis was the primary modality (94.3%), with 58.9% receiving dialysis twice weekly. Mean hemoglobin was 9.2 ± 1.3 g/dL, and serum creatinine was 10.6 ± 2.5 mg/dL. Statistically significant associations were found between dialysis duration and hypertension (p=0.021), diabetes (p=0.035), and age group (p=0.009). Conclusion: The study reveals a high burden of modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and anemia among dialysis patients with CKD. Early detection, lifestyle modification, and appropriate medical management of these conditions are crucial to delaying CKD progression and reducing the need for dialysis in resource-limited settings
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
1. Grassmann A, Gioberge S, Moeller S, et al.: ESRD patients in 2004: global overview of patient numbers, treatment modalities and associated trends. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 2587–2593.
2. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated risk factors – United States, 1999–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 56: 161–165.
3. Macedo E, Garcia-Garcia G, Mehta RL, Rocco MV. International Society of Nephrology 0 by 25 project: Lessons learned. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;74(3):45-50.
4. Kurokawa K, Nangaku M, Saito A, Inagi R, Miyata T. Current issues and future perspectives of chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(1):3-6. 12.
5. Gomez GB, Lusignan SD, Gallagher H. Chronic kidney disease: a new priority for primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2006;56(533):908-10.
6. Prasad DS, Kabir Z, Dash AK, et al.: Prevalence and risk factors for diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in Asian Indians: a community survey from urban Eastern India. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2012, 6(2):96–101.
7. Devi P, Rao M, Sigamani A, et al.: Prevalence, risk factors and awareness of hypertension in India: a systematic review. J Hum Hypertens 2012.
8. KDIGO. Chapter 2: definition, identification, and predic¬tion of CKD progression. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2013;3: 63-72.
9. Kurokawa K, Nangaku M, Saito A, Inagi R, Miyata T. Current issues and future perspectives of chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(1):3-6.
10. Gomez GB, Lusignan SD, Gallagher H. Chronic kidney disease: a new priority for primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2006;56(533):908-10.
11. Sutariya Nirav, Aundhakar Swati, Kothia Divyen, Lathiya Nency, Jayveer Atodadiya, Mandade Arjun. Evaluation of epidemiological and clinical profile of newly diagnosed cases of chronic kidney disease in a tertiary healthcare center: a prospective study. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research 2018;5(5):E7-E12.
12. Manjuri Sharma, Prodip Doley, Himanab Jyoti Das, Etiological Profile of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Single-Center Retrospective Hospital-Based Study, Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2018;29(2):409-413
13. Sathyan S, George S, Vijayan P, Jayakumar M. Clinical and epidemiological profile of chronic kidney disease patients in a tertiary care referral centre in South India. Int J Community Med Public Health 2016;3: 3487-92.
14. Pathak A, Jain L, Jaiswal P. To study the clinical profile of chronic kidney disease and associated comorbidities in geriatric patients. Int J Res Med Sci 2016;4: 3002-8.
15. Hasan, H., Rahman, M. H. ., Haque, M. A., Rahman, M. S. ., Ali, M. S. ., & Sultana, S. . (2024). Nutritional Management in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Focus on Renal Diet. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations, 1(1), 34-40.
16. Begum N, Hriday MSH, Haque SA, Riipa MB. Enhancing Energy Management in Industries through MIS and Data Analytics Integration. Lett High Energy Phys. 2024 11(4):7255–7269.
17. Shaikat FB, Islam R, Happy AT, Faysal SA. Optimization of Production Scheduling in Smart Manufacturing Environments Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Lett High Energy Phys. 2025 12(1):1–15.
18. Chowdhury NR, Moname EJ, Al Azad G, Hani U, Nazmin F, Ferdaus F. Interplay Between Malnutrition and Infectious Diseases Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):41-7.
19. Azad GA, Moname EJ, Chowdhury NR, Mondal S, Tisa AH, Ferdaus F. Co-Morbidity Landscape in Cancer Patients: Non-Communicable Disease Burden and Trends. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):48-54.
20. Nazmin F, Roy A, Bushra T, Retina IJ, Arnab KsH, Ferdaus F. Exploring the Prevalence and Social Determinants of ADHD and Comorbidities Among Urban School Aged Children in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):61-74.
21. Wohid F, Eme FW, Fahim IH, Mim M, Ferdaus F. Work Life Balance and Its Influence on Physical and Mental Health Among Female Teachers of Public University in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):68-75.
22. Mondal S, Arnab KH, Retina IJ, Bushra T, Roy A, Tisa AH, Ferdaus F. Mental Health Status and Stress Factors Among Junior Doctors in Public Hospitals in Bangladesh A Cross Sectional Analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):39-43.
23. Bushra T, Mondal S, Nazmin F, Arnab KH, Tisa AH, Roy A, Ferdaus F. Burden of Peptic Ulcer Disease Among Smoking and Non-Smoking Healthcare Providers A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study in Gazipur, Dhaka. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):44-50.
24. Rima US, Islam J, Mim SI, Roy A, Dutta T, Dutta B, Ferdaus FF. Co-Infection of Tuberculosis and Diabetes: Implications for Treatment and Management. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):51-8.
25. Arnab KH, Nazmin F, Mondal S, Tisa AH, Bushra T. Perceptions and Barriers to Breast Cancer Screening Among Women in Slum Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):59-65.
26. Karmakar S, Brinta MT. Assessing the Impact of Chronic Hypertension on Renal Function: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):66-71.
27. Dutta B, Dutta T, Rima US, Islam J, Roy A, Mim SI, Ferdaus F. Burden of Antibiotic-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections in Rural Females: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):72-9.
28. Wohid F, Eme FW, Fahim IH, Mim M, Sultana T, Ferdaus F. Assessment of Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Practices Among Non-Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):80-6.
29. Islam AI, Ahammed E, Nisa NA, Mim AA, Akhter FB, Amin F. Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Risk Factors Related to Breast and Cervical Cancer Among Female Medical Students in Comilla, Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 16;2(1):1-9.
30. Ahammed E, Islam MA, Akhter FB, Mim AA, Amin F, Nisa NA. Elderly Vulnerability to Infectious Diseases in Bangladesh: An Examination of Comorbidities, Hospital Stay, and Mortality. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 16;2(1):10-16.
31. Joty RB, Junhai GR, Moslem S, Topu MH, Della NA, Ferdaus F. Prevalence and Social Factors Influencing ADHD and Comorbidities in Bangladeshi Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 16;2(1):17-25.
32. Della NA, Moslem S, Junhai GR, Topu MH, Joty RB, Ferdaus F. Assessing Nutritional Status and Health Outcomes of Children in Saline-Prone Areas: A Comprehensive Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):26-32.
33. Junhai GR, Topu MH, Joty RB, Moslem S, Della NA, Mahmud MR, Morshed R, Ferdaus F. Epidemiology of Gallbladder Stones in Youth: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Contributing Variables. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):33-40.
34. Islam RZ, Tasnim F, Howlader B, Sifuddin M, Parveen K. Risk Factors, Health-Seeking Behavior, Attitudes, and Knowledge Regarding Cervical Carcinoma Among Rural Women in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):41-46.
35. Sakib N, Khan AR, Parveen K, Karmakar S, Setu SR. Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Contributing Factors in Young Children: A Comprehensive Study of Growth, Health, and Socioeconomic Influences in Khulna’s Kindergarten Schools. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):47-54.
36. Islam RZ, Das S, Harun JB, Das N, Ferdaus F. Comparative Analysis of Serum Creatinine and Albuminuria as Biomarkers for Diabetic Nephropathy in Young Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):55-62.
37. Sharmin Z, Mumu KF, Tura FA, Huda SA, Dutta S. Influence of Food Hygiene Practices on Diarrheal Incidence Among Children of Working Mothers in Gazipur District, Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):63-71.
38. Schreiber R. Exploring Novel Biomarkers for Predicting Response to Combination Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer. Pacific Journal of Oncology & Immunotherapy. 2024 31;1(1):13-21.
39. van der Burg SH. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cancer Vaccines in Treating Metastatic Melanoma Using Immune Modulation. Pacific Journal of Oncology & Immunotherapy. 2024 Dec 31;1(1):22-30.
40. Uddin N, Hill TC. Predictive Modeling of Surgical Outcomes in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery. Pacific Journal of Spine & Neurosurgery. 2024 Dec 31;1(1):4-12.
41. Rahman M, Tarik M, Stefan G. Correlation of Inflammatory Markers and Post-Surgical Complications in Spine Surgery: A Multicenter Cohort Study. Pacific Journal of Spine & Neurosurgery. 2024 Dec 31;1(1):31-8.
42. Parveen M, Sharmin S, Yeasmin F, Hasan H. Nutritional Modulation of Potassium Intake in Warfarin-Treated Patients: A Clinical Assessment. Naogaon Medical College Journal. 2024. 31;1(1):25-35
43. Adhikari EH. Advanced MRI Mapping Using Diffusion-Weighted and T2 HASTE Sequences in Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders: Histopathological and Surgical Correlation Analysis. Pacific Journal of Advanced Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2022 Dec 31;1(1):30-8.
44. Smith RP. Impact of Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling on Anti-Müllerian Hormone, Ovulatory Function, and Folliculogenesis in Clomiphene-Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients. Pacific Journal of Advanced Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2022 Dec 31;1(1):21-9.
45. Sunny M, Bulbul KA, Khan MN, Rashid M, Rahman MA, Kaisar M. Relationship of LDL and HDL Among Patients Suffering Acute Myocardial Infarct. Pacific Journal of Cardiovascular Innovations. 2025 Jun 1;3(1):4-8.
46. Curtis LH. Longitudinal Assessment of Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain and NT-proBNP in Predicting Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Pacific Journal of Cardiovascular Innovations. 2023 Dec 31;1(1):20-7.
47. Haque, A., Rahman, S., Hasan H., Clinical Correlation Between Preoperative Nutrition Status and AVF Surgical Outcome in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stage 5 Patients. Naogaon Medical College Journal. 2024 1; (1); 15-24
48. Mumu KF, Huda SA, Tura FA, Dutta S, Sharmin Z. Mobile Device Dependency and Its Association with Eye Disorders and Mood Changes in Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):71-80.
49. O’Callaghan-Gordo C, Shivashankar R, Anand S, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology in India: secondary data analysis of three population-based cross-sectional studies. BMJ Open 2019;9: e023353.