Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections Among Young Females
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a frequent cause of healthcare visits among young females and are increasingly complicated by antibiotic resistance. Objective: This study aims to investigate the bacterial distribution and antibiotic susceptibility patterns among young females with recurrent UTIs in Khulna, Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 106 young female patients aged 18–35 years, diagnosed with recurrent UTIs at Khulna City Medical College from January to March 2025. Data on antibiotic intake history, treatment adherence, and urine culture results were collected. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using standard laboratory protocols. Results: The majority of patients (36.8%) were between 23 and 27 years old. About 29.2% of participants reported antibiotic use more than three times in the past year. Only 41.5% consistently completed their prescribed antibiotic courses. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate (69.8%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.0%). Both E. coli and Klebsiella showed the highest sensitivity to Imipenem and Meropenem (100% for K. pneumoniae; 64.9% for E. coli). Ampicillin exhibited the lowest sensitivity, particularly against Klebsiella (0%). Conclusion: The study demonstrates a high prevalence of recurrent UTIs caused by multidrug-resistant uropathogens, driven in part by incomplete antibiotic courses. Regular surveillance and patient education on antibiotic adherence are essential for reducing UTI recurrence and antibiotic resistance.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
1. Al-Zidan R, Abdulrazzaq G, Al-Shakarchi W. Antibiotic misuse and the development of bacterial resistance: Are we losing the battle?. Iraqi Journal of Pharmacy. 2019 Jul 1;16(1):73-84.
2. Foxman B. The epidemiology of urinary tract infection. Nature Reviews Urology. 2010 Dec;7(12):653-60.
3. Medina M, Castillo-Pino E. An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections. Therapeutic advances in urology. 2019 Mar;11:1756287219832172.
4. Öztürk R, Murt A. Epidemiology of urological infections: a global burden. World journal of urology. 2020 Nov;38:2669-79.
5. Stamm WE, Norrby SR. Urinary tract infections: disease panorama and challenges. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2001 Mar 1;183(Supplement_1):S1-4.
6. Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nature reviews microbiology. 2015 May;13(5):269-84.
7. Elias C, Moja L, Mertz D, Loeb M, Forte G, Magrini N. Guideline recommendations and antimicrobial resistance: the need for a change. BMJ open. 2017 Jul 1;7(7):e016264.
8. Demilie T, Beyene G, Melaku S, Tsegaye W. Urinary bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among pregnant women in North West Ethiopia. Ethiopian journal of health sciences. 2012;22(2).
9. Ahmed E, Hussain MS, Sheikh SI, Ejaz M. Urinary tract bacterial pathogens and their sensitivity pattern. Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College. 2014;18(2).
10. Deltourbe L, Mariano LL, Hreha TN, Hunstad DA, Ingersoll MA. The impact of biological sex on diseases of the urinary tract. Mucosal immunology. 2022 Aug 1;15(5):857-66.
11. Khatun F, Kumar N, Khushboo AM, Datta S. Isolation and Identification of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Pathogens from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Dhaka City. Bangladesh. Journal of Pure & Applied Microbiology. 2022;16(3).
12. Mazumder MM, Noman MU, Hasan AT, Ahammod T, Rafique AA, Rahman M. Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Urinary Tract Infection. East West Medical College Journal. 2025 Jan 8;13(1):23-7.
13. Timm MR, Russell SK, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: pathogenesis, host susceptibility and emerging therapeutics. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2025 Feb;23(2):72-86.
14. Saeed DK, Farooqi J, Shakoor S, Hasan R. Antimicrobial resistance among GLASS priority pathogens from Pakistan: 2006–2018. BMC infectious diseases. 2021 Dec;21:1-6.
15. Hasan, H., Rahman, M. H. ., Haque, M. A., Rahman, M. S. ., Ali, M. S. ., & Sultana, S. . (2024). Nutritional Management in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Focus on Renal Diet. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations, 1(1), 34-40.
16. Begum N, Hriday MSH, Haque SA, Riipa MB. Enhancing Energy Management in Industries through MIS and Data Analytics Integration. Lett High Energy Phys. 2024 11(4):7255–7269.
17. Shaikat FB, Islam R, Happy AT, Faysal SA. Optimization of Production Scheduling in Smart Manufacturing Environments Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Lett High Energy Phys. 2025 12(1):1–15.
18. Chowdhury NR, Moname EJ, Al Azad G, Hani U, Nazmin F, Ferdaus F. Interplay Between Malnutrition and Infectious Diseases Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):41-7.
19. Azad GA, Moname EJ, Chowdhury NR, Mondal S, Tisa AH, Ferdaus F. Co-Morbidity Landscape in Cancer Patients: Non-Communicable Disease Burden and Trends. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):48-54.
20. Nazmin F, Roy A, Bushra T, Retina IJ, Arnab KsH, Ferdaus F. Exploring the Prevalence and Social Determinants of ADHD and Comorbidities Among Urban School Aged Children in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):61-74.
21. Wohid F, Eme FW, Fahim IH, Mim M, Ferdaus F. Work Life Balance and Its Influence on Physical and Mental Health Among Female Teachers of Public University in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Innovations. 2024;1(2):68-75.
22. Mondal S, Arnab KH, Retina IJ, Bushra T, Roy A, Tisa AH, Ferdaus F. Mental Health Status and Stress Factors Among Junior Doctors in Public Hospitals in Bangladesh A Cross Sectional Analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):39-43.
23. Bushra T, Mondal S, Nazmin F, Arnab KH, Tisa AH, Roy A, Ferdaus F. Burden of Peptic Ulcer Disease Among Smoking and Non-Smoking Healthcare Providers A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study in Gazipur, Dhaka. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):44-50.
24. Rima US, Islam J, Mim SI, Roy A, Dutta T, Dutta B, Ferdaus FF. Co-Infection of Tuberculosis and Diabetes: Implications for Treatment and Management. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):51-8.
25. Arnab KH, Nazmin F, Mondal S, Tisa AH, Bushra T. Perceptions and Barriers to Breast Cancer Screening Among Women in Slum Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):59-65.
26. Karmakar S, Brinta MT. Assessing the Impact of Chronic Hypertension on Renal Function: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):66-71.
27. Dutta B, Dutta T, Rima US, Islam J, Roy A, Mim SI, Ferdaus F. Burden of Antibiotic-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections in Rural Females: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):72-9.
28. Wohid F, Eme FW, Fahim IH, Mim M, Sultana T, Ferdaus F. Assessment of Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Practices Among Non-Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2024;1(2):80-6.
29. Islam AI, Ahammed E, Nisa NA, Mim AA, Akhter FB, Amin F. Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Risk Factors Related to Breast and Cervical Cancer Among Female Medical Students in Comilla, Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 16;2(1):1-9.
30. Ahammed E, Islam MA, Akhter FB, Mim AA, Amin F, Nisa NA. Elderly Vulnerability to Infectious Diseases in Bangladesh: An Examination of Comorbidities, Hospital Stay, and Mortality. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 16;2(1):10-16.
31. Joty RB, Junhai GR, Moslem S, Topu MH, Della NA, Ferdaus F. Prevalence and Social Factors Influencing ADHD and Comorbidities in Bangladeshi Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 16;2(1):17-25.
32. Della NA, Moslem S, Junhai GR, Topu MH, Joty RB, Ferdaus F. Assessing Nutritional Status and Health Outcomes of Children in Saline-Prone Areas: A Comprehensive Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):26-32.
33. Junhai GR, Topu MH, Joty RB, Moslem S, Della NA, Mahmud MR, Morshed R, Ferdaus F. Epidemiology of Gallbladder Stones in Youth: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Contributing Variables. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):33-40.
34. Islam RZ, Tasnim F, Howlader B, Sifuddin M, Parveen K. Risk Factors, Health-Seeking Behavior, Attitudes, and Knowledge Regarding Cervical Carcinoma Among Rural Women in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):41-46.
35. Sakib N, Khan AR, Parveen K, Karmakar S, Setu SR. Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Contributing Factors in Young Children: A Comprehensive Study of Growth, Health, and Socioeconomic Influences in Khulna’s Kindergarten Schools. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):47-54.
36. Islam RZ, Das S, Harun JB, Das N, Ferdaus F. Comparative Analysis of Serum Creatinine and Albuminuria as Biomarkers for Diabetic Nephropathy in Young Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):55-62.
37. Sharmin Z, Mumu KF, Tura FA, Huda SA, Dutta S. Influence of Food Hygiene Practices on Diarrheal Incidence Among Children of Working Mothers in Gazipur District, Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):63-71.
38. Mumu KF, Huda SA, Tura FA, Dutta S, Sharmin Z. Mobile Device Dependency and Its Association with Eye Disorders and Mood Changes in Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Surgical Advances. 2025 17;2(1):71-80.
39. Morel CM, de Kraker MEA, Harbarth S; Enhanced Surveillance Expert Consensus Group (CANSORT-SCI). Surveillance of Resistance to New Antibiotics in an Era of Limited Treatment Options. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Apr 19;8:652638.